Philip IV the Fair imprisoned Pope Boniface VIII in dispute over power

In the Middle Ages, popes claimed the superiority of spiritual authority over secular power, invoking God's supremacy. France's King Philip IV the Fair opposed this, entering open conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. The dispute ended with the pope's capture — Philip had him arrested in 1303 in Anagni, an event remembered in history as the "Slap of Anagni".