Poles on the American frontier: Modrzejewska and Sienkiewicz as California pioneers

The oldest Polish settlement in the USA is 172 years old. The first documented Poles in America arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1609 and organized the first strike in US history there. In the 19th century, actress Helena Modrzejewska and writer Henryk Sienkiewicz moved to California to run a farm — the experiment quickly fell apart, and Sienkiewicz had to butcher a turkey for dinner with a highlander's ciupaga.

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