Flat tax and lump-sum levy became a loophole for Poland's highest earners

Dr Radosław Piwowarski of the University of Łódź argues that Poland's flat tax and lump-sum levy, originally designed to encourage entrepreneurship and investment, have increasingly become tax-optimisation tools for the highest earners. He says the preferential system for the self-employed no longer effectively stimulates job creation or genuine economic activity. The expert calls for a reform of these instruments.

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