Gen. Czosnek on "Eastern Shield": Poland learns from Ukraine but adapts, not copies

Deputy Chief of the Polish General Staff Lt. Gen. Stanisław Czosnek summed up two years of the "Eastern Shield" programme, stressing that Poland draws on operational knowledge from the war in Ukraine but adapts lessons to its own conditions rather than copying them directly. He assessed that mass artillery fire is becoming a thing of the past, reducing required ammunition stockpiles. The strategy aims to raise the cost of aggression to an unacceptable level for any adversary.

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