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St Peter's Square: from Nero's Circus to Bernini's baroque masterpiece
St Peter's Square in Vatican City was built on the site of the ancient Circus of Nero, originally used for chariot racing. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the colonnade and layout using geometry, physics and optics to create an urban ideal celebrating Christianity. Every detail — from the Vatican obelisk and twin fountains to a clock that doubles as a calendar — carries both symbolic and engineering significance.
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