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Futurists and science fiction writers have predicted privately funded missions to Mars for decades, but until recently, the prospect appeared to be decades away. While fully private human missions to Mars are probably not yet practical (given the complexity and cost of such missions), the commercial sector, in partnership with space agencies such as NASA , has a critical role to play in enabling a human presence on Mars. Whether that possibility becomes reality will depend on the choices we make today about public leadership, commercial engagement, and international collaboration.

The role of national space agencies is not limited to funding missions . They maintain the research ecosystems, testing facilities, safety standards, planetary-science programs, and international partnerships that commercial industry builds upon.

However, no single agency — not even NASA — can develop all the technologies, supply chains, transportation systems, life-support tools, digital platforms, and surface infrastructure needed to move from exploration to sustained settlement. Commercial participation is therefore not "nice to have"; it is the engine that will turn Mars from an aspirational destination into an achievable, economically grounded frontier. While NASA has an extraordinary repository of knowledge and expertise from which to draw, commercial industry can deploy more "outside the box" thinking and a somewhat higher risk tolerance that can yield more nimbleness. Working together should deliver the best of both worlds.

The role of private and public partnerships to explore Mars will be discussed at the 2026 Human sto the Moon and Mars Summit in Houston. (Image credit: Explore Mars) Public-private partnerships between NASA and industry demonstrate today's commitment to building a platform for a vibrant and multisided commercial space economy. Over the last two decades, NASA introduced programs such as the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), the Commercial Crew Program (CCP), Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and the Human Landing System (HLS) program.

While these programs have faced challenges (such as the continuing delays in developing a system capable of safely landing humans on the moon), they have succeeded in producing new cargo vehicles to supply the International Space Station (ISS), the only new operational crew vehicle yet to reach the ISS (SpaceX's Dragon capsule), and the first commercial robotic landers on the lunar surface. NASA also just awarded over $1 billion in contracts to start developing infrastructure needed to build the planned Moon Base .

Public-private Mars missions

Not all of NASA's commercial partnerships have been focused on low Earth orbit (LEO) or the moon. NASA's ESCAPADE mission , a partnership between NASA, UC Berkeley, Rocket Lab, and Advanced Space, launched on Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket in November 2025, using commercially developed spacecraft platforms and streamlined development processes. ESCAPADE is expected to deliver critical knowledge for human exploration about radiation risks, atmospheric escape, and space weather dynamics at a fraction of the traditional cost.

On June 17, NASA also announced a partnership with Relativity Space to deliver the Aeolus atmospheric‑science instrument payload suite to Mars in 2028. According to NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman , "By pairing NASA’s world‑class instruments with commercial innovation and investment, we can deliver more science, more often, and reduce the time it takes to get essential data into the hands of researchers preparing for future human missions to Mars ."

In 2025, NASA also announced a new, highly ambitious, public-private partnership program: Commercial Mars Payload Services (CMPS). By challenging the commercial aerospace industry to deliver payloads and communications relays to both Mars orbit and the surface, CMPS may create efficiencies that could enable the development of lunar and Mars architectures in parallel, which is essential if we hope to land humans on the Red Planet anytime soon. However, with the realignment of NASA's Artemis Program , as well as budget disagreements between the Administration and Congress, the future of CMPS remains unclear.

Even with a large amount of funds entering the commercial space industry (such as the recent SpaceX IPO ), a critical part of this equation is NASA's role as an anchor tenant, which was key to transforming commercial space in LEO and is now poised to do the same for Mars. When NASA commits to purchasing services rather than owning the entire stack (imagery, transportation, surface mobility, communications, in-situ resource utilization), it sends a powerful signal to the market: there will be customers, there will be demand, and there will be revenue beyond any single mission.

That stable early demand empowers companies to raise capital, build technologies, and develop capabilities that would be far too risky or expensive to pursue on speculation. Firms collaborating with NASA could then sell similar capabilities to other U.S. and international agencies, research institutions, and eventually commercial customers. By serving as a guaranteed first buyer, the agency catalyzes an ecosystem that becomes self-sustaining over time.

Mars innovation improving life on Earth

Creating a human presence on Mars isn't only about rockets and crew vehicles—and not all projects need cost billions of dollars. A sustainable Mars program will require hundreds, if not thousands, of innovations that protect human health, maintain psychological resilience , and support efficient work in one of the harshest environments imaginable. Mars inhabitants will need to eat, drink, breathe, heal, sleep, relax, and collaborate productively for months or years at a time.

Delivering those capabilities will demand breakthroughs in medical science, mental-health support, agriculture and nutrition, artificial intelligence, autonomy and robotics, biotechnology, circular environmental systems, materials science, design, and more. Importantly, many critical solutions will come from companies that currently do not think of themselves as "space companies."

This is where Mars becomes a driving engine for improving life on Earth . By inviting innovators across sectors — health, food, energy, manufacturing, construction, A.I. and more — to solve Mars-class problems, we accelerate progress on the very challenges that people face on Earth today. Technologies that keep crews alive and thriving on Mars can make our hospitals more resilient, our homes more efficient, our food systems more sustainable, and our workplaces healthier.

NASA's plans for a Moon Base will need private partnerships to pave the way to Mars. (Image credit: NASA) Ultimately, the path to Mars runs through a steady cadence of public–private projects in LEO and here on Earth, as well as missions launched directly to the Red Planet. Every new launch vehicle, propulsion system, habitat technology, food-production method, and autonomous system built for deep-space missions drives jobs, strengthens manufacturing capacity, opens new markets, and builds the technological base here on Earth that keeps the U.S. and its partners competitive. Such benefits to our home planet do not and will not have to wait until we actually land humans on Mars. They are already being felt, and enjoyed, here on Earth today.

This commercial pathway depends on NASA leadership. As NASA prepares to build the Moon Base over the next several years, it should not lose sight of Mars. It must continue to empower public-private partnerships to help enable human missions to Mars as soon as the 2030s.

Now is the moment for action. If we act deliberately in this decade by strengthening public leadership, empowering commercial innovation, and working together across borders, we will not only make a human presence on Mars achievable, but also unlock enduring benefits for life on Earth.

Dr. Tiffany Vora is President of Explore Mars, Inc and a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council’s GeoTech Center .

Chris Carberry is CEO of Explore Mars, Inc. and the author of The Music of Space , Alcohol in Space , and co-editor of A Future Spacefaring Society .

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There's been more duplication exploits in Arc Raiders at one point or another than I can shake several suspiciously identical sticks at. It's the get rich quick scheme that a lot of raiders opt in to, there's been multi-million rubber duck hauls and prisons made of just ziplines . It seems like there's no end to the creativity of a dupe exploit, but Embark has confirmed that it's been cracking down on them.

"Like with anti-cheat, we are always working against duplication exploits. We’re keeping a close eye on the game economy, and constantly catalogue, investigate and seek to counteract exploits," Embark explains in the latest patch notes . "Recently, we’ve fixed some exploits related to duplication. We always want to make sure fixes are widely effective, so we make sure to monitor and evaluate our success before sharing that progress with you."

(Image credit: Embark) The most interesting part of this is the graph Embark includes as part of their update on tackling cheaters. It shows the percentage of players "with unusually high 'profit per minute'". Looking at the graph, you can see that things got particularly bad towards the beginning of June, which may have coincided with the 1.33.0 update that tested a ban on free loadouts .

Since then, however, things have gotten better. The percentage of players that may be guilty of using duplication exploits has apparently dropped to under 1%, the lowest it's been in months.

As for the regular old cheating Embark also notes that work on snuffing that out has been going well: "Over the past few weeks, we’ve completed our rollout of Denuvo Anti-Cheat. It is now enforced for all players, and the results we’ve seen so far have been promising. Thanks to the efforts of our anti-cheat team, we are continuously getting more effective at identifying and acting against cheaters."

Embarks recent efforts to rid Arc Raiders of cheating have seemingly gone quite well over the last few months, as it's treated as a "top priority" for the team to handle. All I can say is, good. Cheating in Arc Raiders was a right pain, and one of the reasons I stopped playing as much as I used to. So let's hope it's only up from here.

Arc Raiders guide : What's hot this week

Arc Raiders roadmap : New and improved

Arc Raiders best skills : Survive the surface

Arc Raiders best weapons : Just don't lose them

Arc Raiders Expeditions : Retire your Raider

Arc Raiders quests : All the missions and how to beat 'em

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Bitcoin Magazine

SpaceX Nasdaq-100 Entry Brings Bitcoin Exposure to Passive Index Investors

Today (July 7, 2026) SpaceX formally joins the Nasdaq-100 Index. The inclusion comes just weeks after the company’s public debut and follows its disclosure of 18,712 BTC on the balance sheet. JPMorgan estimates that index rebalancing will drive approximately $4.3 billion in passive inflows from Nasdaq-100-tracking funds and ETFs.

This development is more than headline news. It creates a structural, rules-based channel for institutional capital to gain exposure to Bitcoin through a corporate treasury vehicle — without requiring active allocation decisions, new mandates, or direct cryptocurrency purchases.For corporate treasury teams, capital allocators, and institutional investors evaluating Bitcoin on balance sheets , the move provides a clear data point on how the strategy can intersect with mainstream equity infrastructure.

The Mechanics of Structural Demand

Passive index funds and ETFs must hold securities in proportion to their index weighting. When a new component is added, these vehicles buy shares mechanically. In SpaceX’s case, the estimated $4.3 billion in inflows represents capital that will flow into the stock regardless of short-term views on Bitcoin or the broader crypto market.

SpaceX’s Bitcoin holdings — disclosed in regulatory filings at approximately $1.2 billion in fair value — now sit within one of the most widely held equity indices globally. This is distinct from direct Bitcoin ETF flows or voluntary corporate purchases. It is demand generated by index rules rather than discretionary conviction.

Combined with Tesla and Strategy, the Nasdaq-100 now contains three companies with material Bitcoin treasuries. While SpaceX’s initial weighting will be modest, the precedent matters: high-growth, high-visibility companies can bring Bitcoin exposure into institutional equity portfolios through existing governance and allocation frameworks.

Strategic Implications for Treasury and Allocation Decisions

Corporate Bitcoin strategies have historically been evaluated on two primary dimensions: balance sheet optionality and long-term value preservation. SpaceX’s inclusion introduces a third dimension — potential for structural equity demand tied to index membership.For treasury operators, this suggests that Bitcoin holdings, when paired with strong underlying business fundamentals, can contribute to broader market visibility and liquidity. Index inclusion often correlates with increased analyst coverage, improved trading volumes, and easier access to capital markets.

For institutional allocators, the development offers a form of Bitcoin beta that fits within traditional equity sleeves. Many large investors already maintain significant Nasdaq-100 exposure through passive mandates. SpaceX’s addition layers incremental Bitcoin exposure into those portfolios without requiring changes to investment policy statements or new product approvals.

This aligns with patterns observed across the corporate treasury landscape. Public companies now collectively hold more than 1.26 million BTC. The strategy is expanding beyond dedicated Bitcoin-focused entities into diversified operating businesses. SpaceX’s move illustrates how the approach can scale into the core of institutional equity markets.

Hypothetical Case Study: Modeling Indirect Bitcoin Demand

To illustrate the mechanism, consider a simplified hypothetical involving a public company that adopts a Bitcoin treasury strategy and later gains meaningful index attention.

Assumptions (illustrative only):

Company market capitalization: $12 billion

Bitcoin holdings: 8,000 BTC at $63,000 per BTC = $504 million

Bitcoin as a percentage of market cap: ~4.2%

The company is added to a major equity index, triggering $800 million in passive inflows over time (scaled-down version of larger index events for clarity)

Step-by-step impact:

Passive funds purchase $800 million of the company’s stock to match index weighting.

Because Bitcoin represents 4.2% of the company’s enterprise value in this example, roughly $33.6 million of the passive inflows can be viewed as indirectly supporting the Bitcoin portion of the balance sheet ($800M × 4.2%).

At current prices, this equates to approximately 533 BTC of effective demand created through equity market mechanics rather than direct cryptocurrency purchases.

If the company’s Bitcoin holdings generate ongoing yield or optionality (through lending, collateralization, or strategic use), the passive capital provides a form of “free” liquidity support to the treasury strategy.

While the numbers are simplified and depend on actual market cap, weighting, and Bitcoin valuation at the time of inclusion, the directional point is clear: index membership can create sustained, non-discretionary buying interest that benefits the Bitcoin component of the balance sheet proportionally.

Treasury teams evaluating this path should model similar scenarios using their own projected holdings, target market capitalization, and relevant index weighting assumptions. The exercise highlights how Bitcoin treasury decisions can interact with traditional equity market dynamics in ways that pure cryptocurrency allocations do not.

Looking Ahead

SpaceX’s Nasdaq-100 entry is one data point in a broader evolution. Corporate Bitcoin adoption is moving from early experimentation toward integration with established financial infrastructure. Passive flows, index rules, custody solutions, and regulatory clarity are all contributing to this shift.

For organizations actively building or evaluating Bitcoin treasury capabilities, developments like this reinforce the importance of treating Bitcoin as a strategic balance sheet asset with multiple potential transmission channels into institutional capital markets.Key questions for treasury and allocation teams to consider:

How would index inclusion (or the potential for it) factor into your company’s capital allocation framework?

What disclosure and governance standards are becoming necessary as Bitcoin treasuries intersect with passive equity vehicles?

For allocators: Does exposure through high-quality corporate treasuries warrant a distinct analytical lens alongside direct Bitcoin or ETF holdings?

The corporate Bitcoin strategy continues to mature. Events that embed Bitcoin exposure within widely tracked equity indices represent one of the more durable forms of institutional adoption currently unfolding.

Disclaimer: This content was prepared on behalf of Bitcoin For Corporations for informational purposes only. It reflects the author’s own analysis and opinion and should not be relied upon as investment advice. Nothing in this article constitutes an offer, invitation, or solicitation to purchase, sell, or subscribe for any security or financial product.

This post SpaceX Nasdaq-100 Entry Brings Bitcoin Exposure to Passive Index Investors first appeared on Bitcoin Magazine and is written by Nick Ward .

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For the first time, a physicist has experimentally watched time emerge from within an isolated quantum system — by creating a “mini-universe.” This bizarre experiment raises an intriguing question: If the universe has nothing outside it, where does time come from?

In a new study published June 11 in the journal Physical Review Research , Giovanni Barontini , an experimental physicist at the University of Birmingham in the U.K., used a cloud of ultracold atoms to build his mini-universe. The system was so well isolated from its surroundings that, like the universe itself, it had nothing external to use as a clock. He split that system in two and ignored one half — what he called the "dark sector" — to show that time could arise entirely from within the system.

The result offers the first experimental look on why the universe has time at all. "When you put everything together, things really start to make sense," Barontini told Live Science. "How time inside the system was speeding up or slowing down, or even stopping — this was quite surprising, how well everything came together. Very neatly, in a way. Which is something that doesn't happen that often in experiments."

The work is an experimental verification of ideas that have been floating around in quantum cosmology and thermodynamics for decades. This is not a bombshell claim that time is an illusion , but it is the first time anyone has put those ideas to a direct, quantitative test in the lab.

A universe with nothing outside

Barontini set out to look at a problem that physicists have puzzled over for nearly 60 years. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation — a central equation in quantum gravity, the field that seeks to unify Einstein’s theory of gravity with quantum mechanics — describes the universe as a whole system with no external time parameter. There is no cosmic clock ticking away outside the universe. So where does our experience of time come from?

One influential idea, called relational time, says that time doesn't exist as a fundamental ingredient of reality. Instead, it emerges from relationships inside the universe, with one part of the system acting as a clock for another. But this idea had never been tested directly in the lab.

Barontini's inspiration came from watching his son play with building toys. "I thought that it's something very similar to what we do in our labs," he told Live Science. "We play with very expensive toys. We create our own small samples of reality."

In his lab, that sample is a Bose-Einstein condensate — a state of matter that forms only at near absolute zero. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, thousands of atoms slow to a near standstill and blur together into a single quantum object, behaving as one.

The University of Birmingham experiment to trap and cool rubidium atoms close to absolute zero — the first step in assembling the mini-universe. (Image credit: University of Birmingham) The dark side of time

To mimic a universe with nothing outside it, Barontini placed the condensate in a trap and divided it down the middle with a thin sheet of laser light. He watched one half, the "bright sector," closely and deliberately ignored the other half, which he called the "dark sector."

The atoms in the bright sector sloshed back and forth in the trap, periodically spilling over the barrier and back again. Barontini called the moments when atoms flooded into the bright sector the "Big Bang" and the times when they drained out the "Big Crunch" (the nickname for one theory of how the universe will end , with the universe collapsing in on itself). Then, he tracked how entropy — a measure of disorder, or how spread out energy is within a system — was exchanged between the two halves as atoms crossed the barrier.

Instead of using laboratory time to order events, he built an "entropic time" — a clock defined entirely by how much entropy was flowing between the two halves of the system. If entropy was flowing, time was ticking. If no entropy was exchanged, time stopped. "The entropy exchange between the two systems could be transformed into an internal time variable," Barontini said.

Time speeds up, slows down and stops

What surprised Barontini most was how cleanly everything fit together. The internal, entropic time reliably ordered events in the bright sector. It matched the sequence seen in laboratory time, but it flowed at a different rate.

When entropy was flooding between the sectors, entropic time ran fast. When the exchange slowed, so did the clock. And when the two halves reached equilibrium (no more entropy flowing), the internal clock stopped altogether.

Both time and the arrow of time — maybe they just are born from ignorance.

Giovanni Barontini, experimental physicist at the University of Birmingham

"Time was speeding up or slowing down, or even stopping, depending on what the system was doing," Barontini said.

He then went a step further: Using this internal time, he derived a version of the Schrödinger equation and showed it accurately reproduced what he saw in the experiment. "This was quite surprising, how well everything came together," he said — "very neatly, in a way, which is something that doesn't happen that often in experiments."

Both time itself and the arrow of time — why time flows in one direction rather than the other — may arise from the same source: an observer giving up information. When Barontini chose not to look at the dark sector, he gave up knowledge of that half of the system. That act of ignorance, encoded in entropy, is what gave rise to time in the other half.

"Both time and the arrow of time — maybe they just are born from ignorance," Barontini said. "To have time and to observe, you have to give up some degrees of freedom."

Related stories

Farthest 'mini-halo' ever detected could improve our understanding of the early universe

Scientists confirm that most of the universe is 'darkness and nothing more'

Stephen Hawking's black hole information paradox could be solved — if the universe has 7 dimensions

Barontini sees this as just the beginning. The same cold-atom tool kit that generated a miniature Big Bang and Big Crunch in his trap could, in principle, be engineered to simulate far more exotic phenomena, such as black hole analogues, the conditions of the early universe, and what will happen at the moment of the Big Crunch itself.

"These are things we can do very simply, using the tools we already have to engineer our systems," he said.

The study is a proof of concept ‪—‬ a first demonstration that controlled quantum systems can serve as a test bed for some unanswered questions in physics . For now, those questions remain open.

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TL;DR

Google just started sending out invites for its Pixel 11 launch event.

The festivities will take place on August 12 in New York City.

We’re expecting to see the Pixel 11, Pixel 11 Pro, Pixel 11 Pro XL, and Pixel 11 Pro Fold.

With summer fully upon us, Google’s next Pixel smartphones feel closer than ever — but when will they actually debut? We’ve been asking ourselves that question for months now, and while we’ve been anticipating another August event based on recent trends, the actual date has so far been a mystery. Today we’re finally starting to get answers, as invites to the event begin goin out.

Over on X, it’s ironically Apple-news superstar Mark Gurman who we first spotted sharing the invite, where we see Google planning to show off the new Pixels on August 12 in New York.