Shadow economy makes up up to 30% of Poland's GDP, experts say

Prof. Andrzej Buszko of the University of Pomerania estimates that Poland's shadow economy accounts for as much as 30% of GDP. Businesses don't go underground for exceptional profits — most could earn similarly while operating legally — but to escape the perceived threat of fiscal repression, primarily from tax authorities. The researcher stresses the problem is systemic rather than individual.